Pediatric Appendicitis: CT or Ultrasound?

Appendicitis is the most common pediatric surgical emergency accounting for 5% of urgent pediatric outpatient visits for abdominal pain. Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography (US) are two imaging modalities used in the diagnostic evaluation of acute pediatric appendicitis. Both have decreased the incidence of negative appendectomy results. It is well known that CT has greater diagnostic accuracy than US for diagnosing acute appendicitis, but there is concern over long-term cancer risk, with routine use of CT in children.

What modality should be used for pediatric patients who are suspected of appendicitis?

Does duration of abdominal pain increase accuracy of US? ²

• What they did:
  • Prospective multicenter observational study
  • 2,349 children with suspected appendicitis at 9 pediatric EDs
  • Age 3 – 18 years
  • Placed into categories based on duration of time of symptoms:
• Primary Outcome:
  • The presence or absence of acute appendicitis
• Results:
  • 1,884 underwent CT only
  • 586 underwent US only
  • 282 underwent CT and US
  • Most frequent abdominal pain duration at presentation: 12 – 23 hrs category
• Limitations:
  • 1,082 pts did not undero surgery, but followed up with telephone calls (Only had 88.6% follow up)
• Conclusions:
  • Duration of abdominal pain DID increase sensitivity and NPV for US with longer duration of abdominal pain, but no affect on specificity or PPV
  • Duration of abdominal pain DID NOT affect sensitivity or specificity of CT to diagnose appendicitis
  • US sensitivity and NPV is as good as CT after 48 hrs of pain symptoms.
  • Do not rely on US to rule-out appendicitis early in the course of illness.
• Read more about this paper at PEMLit.org!

The advantages of US include low cost, lack of radiation, and dynamic information with graded compression. The advantages of CT include: no operator dependency, delineation of extent of disease (i.e. perforated appendicitis), easier visualization, unchanged quality of imaging over time, and multiplanar reconstruction of images. Based on the above study, if symptoms have been present for >48 hours, US is just as good as CT for ruling out the diagnosis of acute appendicitis.

The decision to obtain an US vs CT for children with suspected appendicitis remains a challenge. On a case by case basis, one should consider the following 4 major goals in care:

1. Minimize rates of missed appendicitis
2. Minimize risk from radiation exposure
3. Avoid misdiagnosis leading to negative appendectomy
4. Properly identify appendicitis before perforation

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