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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) in the Elderly

Posted by Salim Rezaie, MD on

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is the number one cause of mortality in patients older than 65 years old. 1 To complicate this fact further, they also present atypically with weakness, nausea/vomiting, fatigue, and shortness of breath. It has been shown that older adults who present to the emergency department (ED) with ACS and a chief complaint other than chest pain have worse outcomes:

  1. Higher in-hospital mortality 1
  2. Misdiagnosed 2
  3. Undertreated 3

If this does not concern you enough as an ED physician, then just know that the risk of death continues 30 days to one year after hospitalization with mortality rates of 15% for adults aged 75 to 85 years and 25% for adults older than 85 years. 1

What is the most common presenting symptom of older adults with ACS? 4

  • Chest pain (58 – 83.4%) — More common in men
  • Shortness of breath (23 – 65.3%)
  • Diaphoresis (4 – 56.8%)
  • Nausea (7 – 45.3%) — More common in women

How long do older adults with ACS wait before seeking care at the ED? 5

  • More than 50% of older adults wait 2 hours – 2.5 days before seeking care
  • Only 10 – 14% present to the ED within 1 hour of symptom onset

What is the in-hospital mortality of older adults with ACS presenting with a chief complaint that is chest pain? 6

  • Mortality in women:
    • Age < 65 years = 3.7%
    • Age ≥ 65 years = 13%
  • Mortality in men:
    • Age <65 years = 2.4%
    • Age ≥ 65 years = 6.6%

What is the in-hospital mortality of older adults with ACS presenting with a chief complaint that is NOT chest pain? 6

  • Mortality in women:
    • Age < 65 years = 16.1%
    • Age ≥ 65 years = 21.2%
  • Mortality in men:
    • Age < 65 years = 12.5%
    • Age ≥ 65 years = 22%

What is the average time-to-ECG in older adults (≥65 years old)? 6

  • Women
    • WITH chest pain = 18.4 minutes
    • WITHOUT chest pain = 34.4 minutes
  • Men
    • WITH chest pain = 15.5 minutes
    • WITHOUT chest pain = 31.1 minutes

What is the average time-to-primary PCI in older adults (≥65 years old)? 6

  • Women
    • WITH chest pain = 126.5 minutes
    • WITHOUT chest pain = 155.6 minutes
  • Men
    • WITH chest pain = 121.0 minutes
    • WITHOUT chest pain = 151.5 minutes

Bottom line

Older adults with ACS present atypically (shortness of breath, nausea, weakness), and can cause delays in care. EDs must accurately triage these patients to decrease time to diagnosis, treatment, ECG acquisition, and PCI.

1.
Alexander K, Newby L, Cannon C, et al. Acute coronary care in the elderly, part I: Non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology: in collaboration with the Society of Geriatric Cardiology. Circulation. 2007;115(19):2549-2569. [PubMed]
2.
Brieger D, Eagle K, Goodman S, et al. Acute coronary syndromes without chest pain, an underdiagnosed and undertreated high-risk group: insights from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Chest. 2004;126(2):461-469. [PubMed]
3.
El-Menyar A, Zubaid M, Sulaiman K, et al. Atypical presentation of acute coronary syndrome: a significant independent predictor of in-hospital mortality. J Cardiol. 2011;57(2):165-171. [PubMed]
4.
Gillis N, Arslanian-Engoren C, Struble L. Acute coronary syndromes in older adults: a review of literature. J Emerg Nurs. 2014;40(3):270-5; quiz 292. [PubMed]
5.
Hwang S, Ryan C, Zerwic J. The influence of age on acute myocardial infarction symptoms and patient delay in seeking treatment. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2006;21(1):20-27. [PubMed]
6.
Canto J, Rogers W, Goldberg R, et al. Association of age and sex with myocardial infarction symptom presentation and in-hospital mortality. JAMA. 2012;307(8):813-822. [PubMed]

Author information

Salim Rezaie, MD

ALiEM Associate Editor
Clinical Assistant Professor of EM and IM
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
Founder, Editor, Author of R.E.B.E.L. EM and REBEL Reviews

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