After a STEMI activation from the field on Monday morning, the cardiac catheterization team scoops the patient away shortly after the paramedics arrive in the Emergency Department (ED). “Well that was a smooth and seamless resuscitation. The patient was barely in the ED for more than 15 minutes,” you think to yourself. You diligently complete your critical care documentation, noting 20 minutes of critical care time, before seeing your next patient. A few weeks later the chart is bounced back and noted as an erroneous documentation of critical care time. The coding department notifies you that the case will be billed as a Level 3 visit (E/M code #99283). Why is that the case?
CMS Definition of Critical Care
Critical care billing can be justified if the patient has a medical condition that “impairs one or more vital organ systems” and “there is a high probability of imminent or life-threatening deterioration in the patient’s condition.” The physician should also provide “frequent personal assessment and manipulation” of the patient’s condition. Many conditions that qualify for critical care billing are obvious, such as cardiac arrest, life-threatening traumatic injuries, and most conditions that result in intensive care unit admission. However, emergency physicians take care of many other conditions and provide many interventions that may also justify critical care billing (see Table 1 from ACEP’s guidelines [Critical Care FAQ]).
Table 1: Conditions and interventions that often qualify/are associated with critical care billing
| CONDITIONS that frequently qualify for critical care billing | INTERVENTIONS often associated with critical care billing |
| Acute coronary syndrome with active chest pain | Arterial line placement |
| Acute hepatic failure | Burn care, major |
| Acute renal failure | Cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
| Acute respiratory failure | Chest tube insertion |
| Adrenal crisis | Cricothyrotomy |
| Aortic dissection | Defibrillation/ Cardioversion |
| Bleeding diatheses – aplastic anemia, DIC, hemophilia, ITP, leukemia, TTP | Delivery of baby |
| Burns threatening to life or limb | Emergent blood transfusions |
| Cardiac dysrhythmia requiring emergent treatment | Endotracheal intubation |
| Cardiac tamponade | Hemorrhage control, major |
| Coma (most etiologies, except simple hypoglycemic) | Intravenous pacemaker insertion |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis or non-ketotic hyperosmolar syndrome | Invasive rewarming |
| Drug overdose | Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (i.e. BiPAP or CPAP) |
| Ectopic pregnancy with hemorrhage | Pericardiocentesis |
| Embolus of fat or amniotic fluid | Therapeutic hypothermia |
| Envenomation | Trauma care requiring multiple surgical interventions or consultants |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | Ventilator management |
| Head injury with loss of consciousness | Parenteral medications necessitating continuous monitoring, such as:
|
| Hyperkalemia | |
| Hyper- or hypothermia | |
| Hypertensive emergency | |
| Ischemia of limb, bowel, or retina | |
| Lactic acidosis | |
| Multiple trauma | |
| Paralysis (new onset) | |
| Perforated abdominal viscous | |
| Pulmonary embolism | |
| Ruptured aneurysm | |
| Shock, all etiologies (septic, cardiogenic, spinal, hypovolemic, anaphylactic) | |
| Stroke, hemorrhagic (all etiologies) or ischemia | |
| Status epilepticus | |
| Tension pneumothorax | |
| Thyroid storm |
© 2011-2016, American College of Emergency Physicians. Reprinted and modified with permission.
Time Spent on Critical Patient Care
The amount of time spent providing critical care time must be clearly recorded and is billed by unique codes. This is a distinct difference from E/M code billing that is performed on most other patients. To bill critical care time, emergency physicians must spend 30 minutes or longer on patient care.
Table 2: Three Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes used for critical patient care
| CODE | SERVICE |
| 99291 | Used to report the additive total of the first 30-74 minutes of critical care performed on a given date. Critical care time totaling less than 30 minutes is reported using the appropriate E/M code. |
| 99292 | Added to 99291 to report each additional 30 minutes beyond the first 74 minutes |
| G0390 | Added to 99291 for Trauma Team Activation when appropriate activation criteria are met at designated trauma centers |
Both direct and indirect patient care time can be included in critical care billing. Therefore, time spent evaluating the patient, speaking with EMS prehospital personnel and family, interpreting studies, discussing the case with consultants or admitting teams, retrieving data and reviewing charts, documenting the visit, and performing bundled procedures should all be included in the critical care time recorded. One important exception is that the time spent on any separately-billed procedures should not be included in the critical care time.
Table 3: Procedures which are commonly bundled versus billed separately from critical care time
|
Common Procedures BUNDLED into Critical Care Time Billing |
Common Procedures Billed SEPARATELY |
| Interpretation of cardiac output, chest x-rays, pulse oximetry, blood gases, information/data stored in computers | Endotracheal intubation |
| Gastric intubation (e.g. nasogastric tubes) | Central vascular access |
| Temporary transcutaneous pacing | Intraosseous line placement |
| Ventilatory management | Transvenous pacing |
| Blood draws for specimen | Chest tubes |
| Peripheral vascular access | CPR |
| Wound repair | |
| ECG interpretation | |
| Electrical cardioversion |
While you do not need to carry a stopwatch to time yourself on every direct and indirect patient care task, you should accurately track and document the total time you spend providing critical care services to a given patient. It is important to remember a few things about critical care time:
- It is additive.
- It may only be billed once per day per patient.
- It does need not be continuous.
- Critical care time does require the direct involvement and documentation by an attending physician. (Sorry residents! Your efforts are appreciated but if your attending leaves you alone with a critical patient that time is not reimbursable.)
Example of an Attending Attestation Note
I have discussed the case with the resident/mid level provider. I have personally performed a history, physical exam, and my own medical decision making. I have reviewed the note and agree with the findings and plan with the following exceptions: ____ (insert exceptions) ___.
Upon my evaluation, this patient had a high probability of imminent or life-threatening deterioration due to ___(condition)__, which required my direct attention, intervention, and personal management.
I have personally provided ___ minutes of critical care time exclusive of time spent on separately billable procedures. Time includes review of laboratory data, radiology results, discussion with consultants, and monitoring for potential decompensation. Interventions were performed as documented above.
– Your initials with time stamp
Documenting Critical Care Time
The chart must provide adequate justification for why a patient meets CMS criteria for critical care billing. To do this, explain all of the following:
- How the patient was critically ill
- What you did for the patient
- The cumulative critical care time spent on direct and indirect patient care
Try to document the following points, when applicable:
- Severity of illness and potential for decompensation
- Vital signs (hypotension, hypoxia, etc) and how these changed through the case
- Tests performed and your interpretation of the results
- Treatments provided, including: supplemental oxygen, IV fluids, medications, blood transfusions, burn/wound care
- Procedures performed
- Re-assessments of the patient’s status and response to interventions
- Conversations with EMS, the patient, the patient’s family or surrogate decision makers, nursing home personnel, consultants, and admitting teams
- Information retrieved by chart review and how this impacted patient care
You may notice that these documentation guidelines differ from the E/M coding guidelines that are applied for non-critical care patients. That is because a chart associated with critical care time will not have an E/M level associated with it as these codes are mutually exclusive. However, if the documentation of a critical care case does not meet CMS standards, or if the total critical care time is less than 30 minutes, the chart will be billed according to E/M codes. If there is any concern that the chart will not meet critical care criteria, providers should also document according to the appropriate E/M coding coding guidelines.
Revisiting the Case
Let’s get back to our case of the patient presenting with a STEMI and a subsequent rapid disposition to the cardiac catheterization lab. Although that patient met the CMS critical care organ system dysfunction and high-risk for decompensation criteria, the provider spent less than 30 minutes of cumulative time on direct and indirect patient care. It is fairly rare that you are able to evaluate a patient, interpret all studies, and complete all documentation on a critical care patient within 30 minutes but it does happen. The patient’s chart was thus billed at a Level 3 visit (E/M code #99283). Thus if there is a possibility that a patient’s chart may not qualify for at least 30 minutes of critical care time, as was the case above, be sure to chart appropriately based on E/M coding levels.
Work Smarter, Not Harder
- Emergency physicians frequently provide critical care (by billing standards) to patients but do not even recognize that they are doing so. Reflect on your practice and consider if you are missing critical care billing opportunities.
- A chart that qualifies for critical care time does not require the detailed history and physical exam points required for E/M level billing on non-critical care patients. Use this to your advantage by focusing more on the medical decision making portion of the chart. You do need to document how the patient was critically ill, what you did for the patient, and the number of minutes you spent caring for the patient.
- Using a macro or template can help you provide adequate critical care documentation in a timely manner.
Additional Reading
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