A 65-year-old farmer presents to the ED after his ankle was run over by a piece of farm equipment in the field. His x-ray is shown above (Figure 1: Case courtesy of Dr. Oyedepo Victor Olufemi, radiopaedia.org) He also has an associated soft tissue injury overlying the area that is grossly contaminated with mud and manure.
- Pearl: A wound in the proximity of a fracture site should be considered an open fracture.
It is important to evaluate the extent of the wound. The length of the wound, the extensiveness of soft tissue damage, the environment in which the injury was sustained, and vascular involvement are all factors to evaluate in the ED. The Gustilo-Anderson classification system guides the management of these injuries [1].
Table 1. Gustilo Classification courtesy of Eastern trauma guidelines [2]
- Type I/II fractures – cover for gram-positive organisms (eg. cefazolin)
- Type III fractures – additionally cover for gram-negative organisms (eg. ceftriaxone or gentamicin)
- Presence of fecal or potential clostridial contamination such as a farm injury – cover for anaerobic coverage (eg. metronidazole)
- Irrigation with NS is sufficient within the ED prior to definitive management [3].
- Pearl: Patients with comorbidities that affect wound healing have a higher likelihood of infection (>80 years, nicotine use, diabetes, active malignancy, pulmonary insufficiency, and immunocompromised). No comorbidities – 4% risk of infection, 1-2 comorbidities 15%, 3+ comorbidities – 31% risk of infection [4].
- Pearl: Don’t forget to update the patient’s Tetanus.
Resources & References:
Check out the 2-minute ankle exam and the approach to the traumatic ankle for more tips and tricks.
- Kim PH, Leopold SS. In brief: Gustilo-Anderson classification. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470:3270–3274. PMID: 22569719.
- Hoff, William S. MD, FACS; Bonadies, John A. MD, FACS; Cachecho, Riad MD, FACS, FCCP; Dorlac, Warren C. MD, FACS East Practice Management Guidelines Work Group: Update to Practice Management Guidelines for Prophylactic Antibiotic Use in Open Fractures, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care: March 2011;70(3):751-54. PMID: 21610369
- FLOW Investigators, Bhandari M, Jeray KJ, Petrisor BA, Devereaux PJ, Heels-Ansdell D, Schemitsch EH, Anglen J, Della Rocca GJ, Jones C, Kreder H, Liew S, McKay P, Papp S, Sancheti P, Sprague S, Stone TB, Sun X, Tanner SL, Tornetta P 3rd, Tufescu T, Walter S, Guyatt GH. A Trial of Wound Irrigation in the Initial Management of Open Fracture Wounds. N Engl J Med. 2015 Dec 31;373(27):2629-41. PMID: 26448371.
- Bowen TR, Widmaier JC. Host classification predicts infection after open fracture. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005 Apr;(433):205-11. PMID: 15805959.
Author information
The post SplintER Series: Open Fracture appeared first on ALiEM.