Background: Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is commonly used to lower the temperature of patients with fever suspected to be causeed by an infection in both homes across the world and the hospital. There are, however, opposing theories to the utility of decreasing fever in these situations. One side argues that fever places “additional physiological stress on patients,” who are already ill (Young 2015). Removing this source of increased metabolic demand would allow the body to allocate additional resources to fighting infection, respiratory function etc. On the other hand, fever may “enhance immune-cell function” and inhibit further growth and spread of an infecting pathogen (Young 2015). From a simple evolutionary standpoint, fever, which entails a significant cost likely evolved and persists because it benefits the host. To date we don’t have high-level evidence that acetaminophen treatment of fever due to probable infection is beneficial, ineffective, or harmful.
The HEAT Trial
What Study are we Discussing?
Young P et al. Acetaminophen for fever in critically ill patients with suspected infection. NEJM 2015. PMID: 26436473
What They Did:
- Prospective, Parallel-Group, Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial
- Randomly assigned 700 ICU patients aged 16 years of age or older with fever (≥38°C) and known or suspected infection in 1:1 ratio to receive 1g IV acetaminophen vs placebo (5% dextrose in water) every 6hrs until:
- ICU discharge
- Resolution of fever
- Cessation of Antimicrobial Therapy
- Death
- Patients Excluded: See table S1 (BELOW)
Outcomes:
- Primary: ICU-free days (days alive and free from the need for intensive care) from randomization to day 28 (if the patient died during the study, they were counted as 0 “ICU-free days”)
- Secondary:
- All-cause mortality at day 28 and 90
- Survival time (Number of days alive) from randomization until day 90
- ICU and hospital length of stay
- Hospital-free days, Days free from mechanical ventilation
- Days free from inotropes or vasopressors
- Days free from renal replacement therapy
- Days in the ICU that were free from support
Results:
- 700 patients (10 withdrew consent and not included in analysis) in 23 adult medical-surgical ICUS in Australia and New Zealand
- Acetaminophen Arm: 346 patients
- Placebo Arm: 344 patients
-
Number of ICU-free days to day 28
- Acetaminophen Group: 23 days
- Placebo Group: 22 days
- Not Statistically Significant p = 0.07
-
Mortality by day 90
- Acetaminophen Group: 55/345 patients (15.9%)
- Placebo Group: 57/344 patients (16.6%)
- RR 0.96 (95% CI 0.66 – 1.39; p = 0.84)
Strengths:
- Study asks an important question with an important outcome
- Only large, multicenter study of its kind
- Randomization and blinding well performed
- Excellent follow up (98.6%)
- All analyses conducted prior to unmasking the study-group assignments
Limitations:
- Protocol violations were high in both the acetaminophen (30%) and placebo (28%) groups
- Open-label acetaminophen was administered to 30% of patients in both arms
- Acetaminophen use before randomization or after ICU discharge was not recorded
- 33% of patients received acetaminophen after the course of the study drug had been completed
- It is unclear if these results can be extrapolated to the use of oral acetaminophen
- Median duration of the study drug was short
Discussion:
- Acetaminophen was associated with shorter ICU stay than placebo in survivors and longer ICU stay among non-survivors, but there was no statistically significant difference between groups with respect to 28d mortality, 90d mortality, or survival time to day 90
Author Conclusion: Early administration of acetaminophen to treat fever due to probably infection did not affect the number of ICU-free days.
Clinical Take Home Point: Fever need not always be treated in patients with suspected infectious causes. It appears reasonable to give acetaminophen to patients in whom the fever is causing distress but it is similarly reasonable to withhold it in patients who are not distressed.
References:
- Young, P et al. Acetaminophen for Fever in Critically Ill Patients with Suspected Infection. NEJM 2015; [epub ahead of print]
For More Thoughts on This Topic Checkout:
- Steve Mathieu at The Bottom Line: HEAT Trial – Acetaminophen for Fever in critically Ill Patients with Suspected Infection
- HEFT EMCast: Fever, Friend, or Foe?
- Lauren Westafer and Jeremy Faust at FOAMCast: FOAMCASTINI – Core Content Journal Club
- Anand Swaminathan at CORE EM: The HEAT Trial – Acetaminophen in Critical Illness
- Lead Author Paul Young on Intensive Care Network: Fever in Critical Illness – Can the Critically Ill Take the Heat
- Ken Milne & Justin & Justin Morgenstern at The SGEM: SGEM #146 – The Heat is On – IV Acetaminophen for Fever in the ICU
Post Peer Reviewed By: Salim Rezaie (Twitter: @srrezaie)
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